Thyroid Disorder

Thyroid gland-

• In front of the neck 
• endocrine, 
• butterfly shaped 

Secreted- Primary hormone = Thyroxin T4

Some portion of T4 converted into T3 (Tri- idothyroxine) (most active hormone)

When T3 and T4 decrease -- Hupothalamus secrets TRH(Thyrotropin Releasing hormone) -- which act on Pirutary to secret TSH(Thyroid stimulating hormone) -- TSH stimulate thyroid gland -- T3, T4

Common disease of thyroid Gland -

1. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
2. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
   
3. Goiter (abnnormal enlargement of thyroid gland)
4. Thyroid nodules (solid/fluid - filled lumbs in thyroid)
5. CA(Carcinoma) in thyroid gland. (cancer)

Normal function of thyroid Hormone-

1. Act on every cell of body.
2. Increase Basal metabolic rate(BMR) -- rate of metabolism when ba. is at rest.
3. Controls  body weight and growth
4. Regulate long bone growth
5. Helps in maturation of nerve cell.
6. Regulates heart rate 
7. Protein synthesis increase.

Hyperthyroidism

Definition-

It is condition of hyperacrivity of thyroid gland with increase secretion relax of thyroid gland.

Causes-

1. Thyroiditis (inflammaton of thyroid gland)
2. Grave's disease-- An autoimmune disorder, Antibody stimulate thyroid gland to produce more hormone, Symptom- buldging eyes, heat intolerance.
3. Thyroid nodules
4. Tumour
5. Trauma
6. Increase iodine intake
7. Stress.

Symptoms and Sign-

• Heat intolerance
• buldging eye
• Retracted upper eyelids
• Irritability (altered mood)
• Weight loss but increase appetite.
• Hair loss
• Menstrual disturbance
• G.I. disturbance (diarrhoea)
• Finger clubbing
• Palmar erythema (Redness of Palm)
• Tachycardia

Investigation-

• History
• Physical examination - tachycardia etc
• TFT.
• USG

Hypothyroidism

Definition-

It is a condition of under active of thyroid gland with decrease secretion and release thyroid gland.

Cause-

• Hashimotos thyroiditis growth
• Iodine deficiency
• Any pituitary disorder
• Any thyroid surgery

Clinical feature-

• Cold intolerance
• Weight gain
• Thin hair
• Depression or loss of concentration
• Heavy menstrual flow
• Constipation mainly

Investigation-

1. History
2. Physical examination - Tachycardia
3. Investigation - TFT
4. USG
5. FNAC (Fine needle Aspiration Cytology)

Complication-

• Goitor - (TSH increase -- stimulates the gland -- gland enlarged -- called Goitor.
• Myodema - Pretibial edema and Periorbital edema and Puffness of face.( rare and life thretining)
• Peripheral Neuropathy.
• Infertility
• Birth defects.